Violence and fighting

1. #1Blunt Force Trauma.

   Keys: headbutt, blows, kick, beating, beat, stomp, punch, Punching

   Bruises (Contusions) Bruises are caused by blunt trauma that leads to the rupture of small blood vessels under the skin. The severity and color of the bruise vary based on the force of impact, location, and vascularity of the affected tissue.

   Subcutaneous Bruise: The most common type of bruise, affecting the skin’s surface and underlying tissue. Initially red, it turns blue or purple due to the pooling of blood, eventually fading to yellow as the blood is reabsorbed. Example: Punching someone in the arm, leading to localized bruising within minutes. Deep Tissue Bruise: Occurs deeper within the muscle or fat, sometimes with less visible discoloration but more significant pain. These are more common in areas with thicker muscle layers, like thighs or arms. Example: A heavy blow to the leg causing deep tissue damage, painful to the touch but with minimal surface discoloration. Bone Bruise: A severe form of bruise where the impact affects the periosteum (the outer layer of bone). These can take much longer to heal than regular bruises and may be mistaken for fractures. Example: A fall onto the knee or shin, resulting in persistent deep pain that worsens with pressure. Hematoma: A collection of blood outside the blood vessels, forming a lump under the skin. Hematomas are more severe than regular bruises and can cause additional complications, such as pressure on nerves or tissues. Example: A hard blow to the head causing a lump to form due to trapped blood under the skin.

2. #2Ballistics

   Keys: shoot, firing, Gunshot, shot, fire

   Sometimes, different types of bullets in different situations can have different properties/mishaps/general effects.

   Overpenetration: When a projectile passes through the target and continues on, potentially posing a risk to unintended targets behind.

   Tumbling Effect: When a projectile begins to tumble end over end upon impact, causing a larger wound channel and greater internal damage.

   Exit Wound: The wound created when a projectile exits the body, often larger and more destructive than the entry wound.

   Ricochet: The deflection of a projectile after it strikes a surface, altering its trajectory and potentially causing unintended damage.

   Hydrostatic Shock: The pressure wave generated by a high-velocity bullet impacting the body, causing tissue damage beyond the bullet's path.

3. #3Neurology

   Keys: adrenaline, head trauma, Head, to the head, brain damage

   Coup Contrecoup Injury: A brain injury where the brain is damaged at the point of impact and on the opposite side due to rapid deceleration.

   The Fencing Response is a neurological reaction often seen in individuals who experience a traumatic brain injury, particularly as a result of a knockout blow. It's characterized by an unusual posturing where one or both arms extend outward in a fencing-like position, often with the forearms flexed and hands clenched or pointed outward. This reflex occurs immediately after the injury and is an indicator of significant brain trauma.

   Pain Perception and Adrenaline: In a high-adrenaline situation, nociception (pain perception) is often delayed. Fighters may not feel the full extent of injuries like cuts, bruises, or even fractures until the adrenaline levels drop post-fight. This delay can give a false sense of invincibility, leading to continued aggression despite serious damage.

   Instinctual Guarding: The brain’s motor cortex can trigger automatic guarding responses when a blow is anticipated. This includes raising the hands to protect the head or turning away from an incoming strike. These reflexes are fast and ingrained, often happening before a person can consciously process the threat.

   Flinching and Startle Reflex: The startle reflex is a basic brainstem response to sudden, unexpected stimuli. In street fights, loud noises, rapid movement, or unexpected strikes can trigger a full-body flinch, where the body tenses, the head jerks back, and the arms raise defensively. Though instinctual, flinching can momentarily impair reaction times, leaving a fighter vulnerable.

   Motor Cortex Fatigue: Prolonged fighting can lead to motor fatigue, where the brain’s control over muscles deteriorates due to exhaustion and lactic acid buildup. As the fight progresses, coordination and fine motor skills decrease, leading to sloppier, slower movements. Fighters might experience tremors, delayed reactions, and reduced grip strength as the cerebellum struggles to maintain precise control over an exhausted body.

   Post-Trauma Stupor: After a severe hit to the head, especially to the jaw or temple, fighters may enter a brief state of post-traumatic stupor, where they remain conscious but are disoriented, confused, and unable to react properly.

   Blow-Induced Seizures: Severe blows to the head can also trigger seizures in some cases. These occur when electrical activity in the brain becomes abnormal after trauma. A fighter may experience involuntary convulsions, unconsciousness, or disorientation post-fight.

   Blunt Force Trauma Effects: A hard punch or kick can cause cerebral concussion, where the brain shakes inside the skull, leading to temporary loss of consciousness, memory gaps (retrograde amnesia), and difficulty with balance and coordination post-hit.

4. #4Abrasions

   Keys: meat crayon, car accident, scrape

   Abrasions occur when the outer layers of the skin are scraped off, typically caused by friction against a rough surface. They are less severe than lacerations but can still be painful and prone to infection if not cleaned properly.

   Superficial Abrasion: a graze or scrape, this involves damage to the uppermost skin layer (epidermis). It results in mild bleeding, but the primary danger comes from the risk of infection or debris being embedded in the wound. Example: Falling onto concrete, causing a skinned knee. Deep Abrasion: This abrasion penetrates deeper into the dermis, resulting in more significant bleeding and a greater risk of scarring. Often caused by more forceful scraping motions or rougher surfaces. Example: Being dragged across asphalt in a vehicle accident, causing deep scrapes and potential tissue damage. Brush Burn: A specific type of abrasion caused by high-speed friction, like sliding across a surface. The friction generates heat, which can damage the tissue beyond just scraping the skin. Example: Sliding on a rug or road during a fall, leading to intense pain and bleeding.

5. #5Hurting yourself

   Keys: slip, haymaker, overhand, drunk, weak swing, fall

   Depending on how well someone is trained or the technique they use, they could possibly fuck up and hurt themselves.

   Boxer's Fracture: A common fracture of the metacarpal or knuckle bones in the hand caused by improper punching technique.

   Sprained or Broken Wrists: If the wrist isn’t properly locked when throwing a punch, it can bend on impact, leading to sprains or fractures. This is common when fighters lack formal training and hit with excessive force.

   Foot or Ankle Fractures: Kicking with the wrong part of the foot (like the toes instead of the heel or ball of the foot) can lead to broken toes or fractured metatarsal bones. This is especially true if the kick lands on a hard surface like the opponent’s shin, knee, or hip bone.

   Hitting the Ground: If a person loses balance or is thrown to the ground, hitting their head on a hard surface like concrete can result in concussions, skull fractures, or even serious brain injuries like hemorrhaging.

   Joint Dislocations: Improper grappling can lead to dislocated joints, particularly shoulders, hips, and fingers. When trying to resist being thrown or pinned, joints can be twisted beyond their normal range of motion.

   Neck and Spinal Injuries: Attempting to throw or take down an opponent without proper technique can result in serious neck or spinal injuries. If someone’s head or neck is in an awkward position during a fall or submission hold, they can suffer severe damage to the cervical spine or vertebrae.

   Broken Bones from Impacting Hard Surfaces: Striking walls, curbs, or furniture while being thrown or dodging attacks can lead to broken bones or severe bruising.

   Self-Stabbing with Knives: In the chaos of a fight, someone wielding a knife can accidentally stab themselves, especially if the opponent grabs the weapon or during grappling exchanges.

   Ricocheting Weapons: Swinging a loose weapon like a chain or lock-in-a-sock and missing the opponent can cause the weapon to bounce back, striking the user’s body. Poor grip on a weapon can also lead to self-injury if the weapon recoils.

6. #6Cuts and slices

   Keys: , slice, Slash, cut

   Lacerations are wounds caused by blunt or sharp force trauma that tear the skin and underlying tissues. The nature of the cut and its severity depend on the force applied, the surface of the object, and the body part affected.

   Incised Wound: A clean cut with sharp edges, usually caused by a knife, glass, or a sharp object. These wounds are generally long and shallow but can penetrate deeper structures if the weapon is sharp enough. Bleeding can be significant, but because of the clean edges, they often heal better and are easier to suture. Example: A knife slice across the forearm, resulting in clean edges that can be closed easily but with severe blood loss. Tear Laceration: Caused by blunt trauma where the skin is stretched and torn, often seen in impact injuries. These are jagged, irregular wounds that tend to bleed less but are more prone to infection due to uneven edges and tissue crushing. Example: A tear from a club strike to the scalp, leaving a jagged wound that is harder to close cleanly. Avulsion: A type of laceration where the skin and tissue are forcibly torn away, often seen in industrial or combat-related injuries. These wounds are deep, involving muscles, tendons, and sometimes bone, and cause significant tissue loss. Example: A piece of flesh ripped away by a powerful blast or from being caught in machinery, resulting in extensive tissue damage. Gash: A deep laceration that penetrates multiple layers of skin and muscle. Gashes typically result from aggressive slashing motions and can compromise blood vessels and nerves. Example: A machete swing across the torso, leaving a deep, gaping wound that requires immediate medical intervention.

7. #7Punctures

   Keys: , prod, poke, Stab, stick, puncture, jab

   Puncture wounds occur when a sharp object penetrates the skin and underlying tissue. The danger with puncture wounds is less about visible damage and more about what’s happening beneath the surface, such as infection or damage to internal organs.

   Penetrating Wound: A wound where an object pierces the skin and enters the body but does not exit. These can be narrow but deep, increasing the risk of damage to internal organs and infection. Example: A stab wound to the abdomen with a thin, sharp object like an ice pick, damaging internal organs with minimal surface trauma. Stab Wound: A puncture wound that can range in depth depending on the weapon used and the force applied. Stab wounds to the chest, abdomen, or neck are particularly dangerous due to the risk of organ damage or severing arteries. Example: A knife thrust to the abdomen penetrating the intestines or liver, leading to internal bleeding. Needle Puncture: A small puncture made by a thin, sharp object such as a needle. These wounds are typically minor but can become dangerous if an artery is punctured or infection is introduced. Example: A needle jab during a fight, introducing contaminants or drugs directly into the bloodstream.

8. #8Weapons

   Keys: , gang, hooligans, attacker, street weapons, methhead, rioters, hobos, bar fight, protestors, roadmen, thugs

   Knives: Commonly used in street fights for slashing or stabbing. Brass Knuckles: Designed to amplify the force of punches, causing severe facial damage. Chains: Used for whipping or choking opponents. Baseball Bats: A blunt weapon capable of breaking bones with a single swing. Broken Bottles: Sharp, makeshift stabbing or slashing tools often found in bar fights. Metal Pipes: Heavy, blunt objects used to strike opponents. Belt Buckles: Can be swung as a flail or used for choking. Rocks: Readily available blunt weapons for throwing or smashing. Screwdrivers: Used as improvised stabbing weapons. Claw Hammers: Dual-purpose blunt force or clawed weapon. Pepper Spray: Non-lethal but highly effective for incapacitating attackers. Machetes: Large, sharp blades used in more severe confrontations. Tire Irons: Heavy, durable tools used as blunt weapons. Bricks: Can be thrown or used to smash against an opponent’s head. Garrote Wires: Thin wires used for choking. Switchblades: Concealable knives that can be quickly deployed. Crowbars: Strong and heavy, ideal for blunt force trauma. Bicycle Chains: Wrapped around the fist or swung at opponents. Socks Filled with Coins: Improvised impact weapon that is discreet but devastating. Flashlights: Heavy, blunt objects or strobe lights to disorient. Shards of Glass: Stabbing and slashing improvised weapons. Whips: Used to cause pain or distract an opponent. Extendable Batons: Compact weapons used for both blunt and stabbing strikes. Nail-Studded Boards: A makeshift weapon that can cause puncture wounds. Slingshots: Used to launch small projectiles, causing injury from a distance. Cigarette Lighter: Used to burn or ignite in close quarters. Pool Cues: Long, hard objects for striking at distance. Chainsaws: Extreme and brutal, capable of causing severe injuries. Steel-Toed Boots: Worn to deliver devastating kicks. Folding Knives: Compact and easily hidden, effective for close combat. Box Cutters: Small, sharp blades used for quick, slashing attacks. Locking Carabiners on a Rope: Used as a weighted object to strike or choke. Padlocks in a Sock: Improvised flail that can deliver blunt trauma. Fire Extinguishers: Blunt weapon, or used to blind and disorient with the spray. Chainsaw Blades on Poles: Used as makeshift slashing tools. Tasers: Electroshock weapons used to incapacitate. Glass Ashtrays: Heavy, blunt objects to strike an opponent. Pliers: Improvised weapons that can inflict painful pinching or cutting. Scissors: Can be used to stab or slash in desperate situations. Razors: Extremely sharp, small blades used for quick cuts. Table Legs: Detached furniture pieces used as clubs. Bar Stools: Heavy, unwieldy but effective for throwing or smashing. Hot Coffee or Liquid: Thrown in the face to disorient or burn. Umbrellas: Can be used to stab or hit, especially with a metal tip. Headphones (Corded): Used for choking or wrapping around wrists. Straight Razor: Barber’s tool used for cutting hair. Extremely sharp. Bowling Balls: Can be thrown with devastating impact. Trophies: Heavy and often pointy, good for bludgeoning. Electrical Cables: Used for whipping or choking. Lighters with Aerosol Cans: Used to create improvised flamethrowers. Metal Trash Can Lids: Used as makeshift shields or blunt weapons. Wrenches: Heavy tools that can be swung for blunt force trauma. Frying Pans: Metal pans capable of causing severe concussions. Pocket Chains: Short chains for whipping or wrapping around fists for added punch force. Cinder Blocks: Heavy objects thrown or smashed against opponents. Rolled-Up Magazines: Used for striking, particularly to sensitive areas like the throat. Backpacks with Heavy Items: Swung as bludgeons, especially when filled with books or electronics. Keys Between Fingers: Improvised knuckles to inflict sharp, piercing damage during a punch. Shovels: Large tools for both blunt and sharp strikes. Fire Pokers: Long, metal tools that can stab or strike. Chainsaw Chains: Detached chains swung like a flail. Canes: Used as blunt or stabbing weapons, especially with heavy or pointed tips. Billiard Balls: Thrown at close range for blunt trauma. Guitar Strings: Can be used to strangle or slice. Heavy Books: Thrown or used for blunt strikes. Snow Globes: Thick glass orbs used to smash against opponents. Meat Cleavers: Large, heavy knives designed for chopping, capable of severe damage. Skateboards: Used to hit or trip opponents. Staplers: Heavy objects for hitting or stapling flesh in a pinch. Metal Rakes: Swung like a polearm or used to rake flesh. Golf Clubs: Long, durable, and effective for swinging powerful strikes.

9. #9Biting the Curb

   Keys: Curb stomp, biting the curb, bite the curb

   to coerce or pose someone to lie down on the street and open their mouth on the concrete curb, at which point the assailants can then stomp on the back of the victim's head, shattering their teeth and causing severe head/neck trauma.

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