The Battle of Nanking, 1937
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The Battle of Nanking, 1937
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- #1Republic of China
Keys: China
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The representative regime of China, symbolized by "the Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth Flag," is led by Chiang Kai-shek. The capital is Chongqing, and it is referred to as the "Chongqing Chinese Nationalist Government." Its military is known as the National Revolutionary Army.
The Republic of China was established in 1911. Due to civil war, the country fell into a state of warlordism and poverty. However, under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership, the nation achieved a united front against foreign invaders, collectively resisting Japanese aggression.
Enemies: Nanjing Nationalist Government, Manchukuo, Empire of Japan
- #2NRA
Keys: National Revolutionary Army
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The National Revolutionary Army (NRA), also known as the NRA, is China's primary armed force and regular military. It is composed of the armies of various warlords scattered across China, all unified under the command of Chiang Kai-shek. However, the NRA is divided into numerous factions, poorly equipped, and inadequately trained. Additionally, they suffer from severe shortages in logistics and ammunition, with some soldiers even lacking firearms and having only Chinese broadsword.
The most elite units within the NRA are Chiang Kai-shek's direct troops, known as the "Central Army." They participated in the Battle of Nanjing and were nearly entirely decimated.
- #3Japanese Tanks
Keys: Japanese tanks
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The Japanese used tanks on the Chinese battlefield, posing a significant threat to the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) due to their lack of anti-tank weapons and tanks of their own. Chinese soldiers often had to resort to using improvised bundle grenades, made by tying several hand grenades together, to attack the Japanese tanks. However, these were generally ineffective.
When attempting to assault a Japanese tank, the Chinese soldiers needed to coordinate their efforts, with multiple soldiers working together. They would often use the bodies of their comrades to shield against Japanese bullets, allowing the last soldier in the team to throw the bundle grenade onto the tank in order to destroy it.
The most common tank models used by the Japanese in China included the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, Type 89 I-Go medium tank, Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank, Type 94 light tank, and Type 97 Te-Ke tankette.
- #4Chinese Traitor
Keys: , Chinese Traitor
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Chinese traitors, also known as Han jian, refer to Chinese individuals who collaborated with or assisted the Japanese forces during the Sino-Japanese War. These traitors helped the Japanese in various ways, such as acting as guides for the Japanese army or serving as interpreters. Essentially, any Chinese person who assisted the Japanese was labeled as a Han jian. If caught by other Chinese, they would be subjected to torture or execution.
They would wear armbands to indicate their status as Han jian to the Japanese.
- #5Chinese Tanks
Keys: Chinese Tanks
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Tanks were extremely rare for China during the Sino-Japanese War. Lacking the capability to develop and manufacture their own tanks, China mostly purchased them from Germany, the UK, and Italy. Additionally, there were tanks supplied by the United States and a small number of captured Japanese tanks.
All Chinese tanks were very vulnerable and unable to withstand Japanese anti-tank weapons, and their limited numbers made it difficult for them to play a decisive role on the battlefield.
The Republic of China used the following tanks during the conflict:
The Krupp Tank, also known as the German Pz.Kpfw.I Ausf. A: This tank was armed only with machine guns and lacked a cannon. A total of 16 units were in service, all of which were lost during the Battle of Nanking. It was the only tank model used in the defense of Nanking. BT-5: This model was scarce, with only four units in service. Russian 9-ton Tank: The Soviet-made T-26 light tank was introduced to the battlefield in 1938. It did not participate in the Battle of Nanking but was involved in subsequent anti-Japanese operations. Vickers Tank: A British-made light tank equipped only with machine guns and no cannon.
- #6The NRA in the Battle of Nanking
Keys: 87th and 88th divisions
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They were troops directly under Chiang Kai-shek, trained by German instructors, making them the most elite units in China. They suffered heavy losses during the Battle of Nanking.
The main Chinese forces participating in the Battle of Nanking were the 87th and 88th Divisions. These divisions belonged to the 9th Group Army and played central roles in the story of the Battle of Nanking.
In addition to the regular National Revolutionary Army troops, the Nanking Chinese Gendarmerie and Police also took part in the Battle of Nanking.
They wear brown military uniforms with their unit, number, and identity information printed on the chest. On their heads, they wear German-style steel helmets with the national emblem printed on them, and brown military uniform pants. Some of them do not have military boots and instead wear straw sandals.
During the Battle of Nanjing, many ordinary Chinese civilians were unable to escape the city and were fleeing in all directions, making them easy targets for the Japanese. When Chinese soldiers encountered civilians evacuating, they often provided assistance to them.
- #7Nanking
Keys: Nanking
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Nanjing, referred to as Nanking during World War II, was the former capital of the Republic of China. One month before the Battle of Nanking, the Chinese capital had already been relocated to Chongqing. However, Nanjing still held significant importance for China, as it had been the capital of six ancient Chinese kingdoms.
- #8China's Allies
Keys: , China's Allies
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Since the Battle of Nanking took place in December 1937, the European countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and France had not yet declared war on Japan. Therefore, China had virtually no allies on the international stage.
- #9Foreigners in Nanking
Keys: Foreigners in Nanking
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Japan had not yet gone to war with European countries in 1937, so the Japanese military refrained from killing Europeans and Americans indiscriminately. Additionally, Germans were allies of the Japanese, so they did not harm Germans either.
- #10IJA
Keys: Imperial Japanese Army
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Abbreviated as IJA, they have much more advanced training, weapons, and supplies than the Chinese army. They are ruthless and cold-blooded, trained killers who do not abide by the Geneva Conventions and show little mercy towards Chinese civilians and soldiers. They use tanks, poison gas, and fighter planes in the war, which the Chinese army lacks. The IJA dressed in light green uniforms and using Japanese weapons from World War II. They are formidable fighters, extremely cruel, and ruthless. They kill on sight, rape women before killing them, and even engage in massacres of Chinese civilians, derogatorily referring to the Chinese as "Chinese pigs" and believing themselves superior.
- #11Central Army
Keys: Central Army
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they are directly under Chiang Kai-shek. The army is known as the "German-trained divisions", comprising 300,000 troops equipped with German gear, such as German-style helmets and German rifle. They received training from Nazi German instructors and were supplied with tanks and equipment by Nazi Germany before World War II broke out. Therefore, the equipment and training of the "German-trained divisions" are superior to other Chinese armies, but still far inferior to the Japanese. The 87th and 88th Divisions are also part of the National Revolutionary Army.
- #12Backstory and history
Keys: History
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Japan invaded northeastern China in 1931, establishing the puppet state of "Manchukuo," and attacked the Chinese capital Nanking on December 1, 1937. At that time, China was the Republic of China. To avoid being wiped out by Japan, the Republic of China moved its capital to Chongqing on November 16 and thus began the Battle of Nanking.
- #13KMT
Keys: Kuomingtang
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The Kuomintang, also known as the KMT or the Chinese Nationalist Party (the latter term given by Europeans), is generally referred to as the Kuomintang. The Kuomintang is the ruling party of
Kuomintang, adhering to the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. Their party emblem, known as the "Blue Sky with a White Sun Emblem," features a white twelve-ray sun on a blue circular background. Since they are almost the sole ruling party in China, their party emblem also serves as the national emblem, and it is printed on the soldiers' steel helmets.
The leader of the Kuomintang is Chiang Kai-shek, who is also the actual ruler of China. However, he is referred to as Chairman Chiang rather than President Chiang.
- #14Chinese weapon
Keys: Chinese weapon
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Chinese weapons come from various countries, such as the UK, Germany, and the USA, as well as domestically produced replicas. Due to China's extreme poverty and limited industrial capability, the Chinese military lacks the capacity to widely equip its troops with automatic weapons like automatic rifles, semi-automatic rifles, and submachine guns. Most soldiers are equipped with bolt-action rifles, while officers carry pistols.
Here is a list of the main types of weapons used by China:
Heavy machine guns: Hotchkiss Mle 1914, Maxim gun, Type 24 Heavy Machine Gun (a Chinese-made copy of the Maxim gun), ZB-37. Light machine guns: Lahti-Saloranta M/26, ZB-30, DP-28, Bren light machine gun, Lewis Gun. Bolt-action rifles: M1903, Hanyang 88 rifle (one of the most widely equipped bolt-action rifles, a licensed copy of the German Gewehr 88), Kar98k (poor quality), Mosin-Nagant (one of the most widely equipped bolt-action rifles), Chiang Kai-shek rifle (a licensed copy of the Mauser 1924 rifle). Pistols: M1911, C96, Browning Hi-Power, Luger. Grenades: wooden handled grenades, poor quality.
- #15Japanese weapon
Keys: Japanese weapons
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Japan had far superior industrial capabilities compared to China, enabling them to design and manufacture almost all of their own weapons. Additionally, the quality of Japanese weapons was significantly better than that of the Chinese military.
Due to the superior quality of Japanese weapons, they were often captured and used by Chinese forces. In contrast, the poor quality of Chinese weapons meant that Japanese forces did not desire to use them.
The main types of individual weapons used by Japan include:
Bolt-action rifles: Type 99 rifle, Type 38 rifle (most numerous), Type 30 rifle. Heavy machine guns: Type 1, Type 92, Type 3. Light machine guns: Taisho 11, Type 96, Type 99. Submachine guns: Type 100, Type 2. Hand grenades: Type 99 grenade, Type 91 grenade. Pistols: Koishikawa pistol, Type 94 pistol.
- #16Chinese Army Organization
Keys: Chinese Army Organization
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The Chinese army uses a similar organizational structure to that of most other countries, including corps, armies, divisions, brigades, regiments, companies, platoons, and squads. They also employ the "three-three system," where each higher unit consists of three subordinate units.
- #17Japanese Army Organization
Keys: Japanese Army Organization
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The Japanese army employs a unique organizational structure consisting of armies, regiments, and units. Below the unit level, it is divided into regiments, battalions, companies, platoons, and squads. Above the unit level, regiments are part of brigades and divisions, while regiments' higher units are armies. The hierarchy includes armies, area armies, and general armies.
- #18Japanese Army Ranks
Keys: Japanese Army Ranks
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The Japanese army has sixteen ranks, with the highest being General, followed by Lieutenant General, Major General, Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Captain, First Lieutenant, Second Lieutenant, Warrant Officer, Sergeant Major, Sergeant, Corporal, Superior Private, First Class Private, and Second Class Private.
- #19Chinese Army Ranks
Keys: Chinese Army Ranks
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The ranks in the Chinese National Revolutionary Army include Special General, First Class General, Second Class General, Lieutenant General, Major General, Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Captain, First Lieutenant, Second Lieutenant, First Class Sergeant Major, Second Class Sergeant Major, Third Class Sergeant Major, Sergeant First Class, Sergeant, Corporal, Superior Private, First Class Private, and Second Class Private. Notably, the rank of Special General was held exclusively by Chiang Kai-shek.
- #20Chinese Communist Party
Keys: Chinese Communist Party
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The main base of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is in northern China. Due to being pursued by the National Revolutionary Army before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, their primary base and area of operations are in Yan'an and the surrounding regions, including Manchukuo.
During the Sino-Japanese War, the CCP's strategy was "70% expansion, 20% dealing with the Nationalist government, and 10% resisting Japan." This meant using 70% of their efforts to strengthen the CCP, 20% to deal with the Nationalist government, and only 10% to fight the Japanese. The goal was to build their strength for a decisive battle against the Kuomingtang government after the war and to overthrow the Republic of China.
The CCP primarily used guerrilla warfare, as they were experts in this tactic. Their inferior equipment and numbers compared to the National Revolutionary Army and the terrain of their bases necessitated this approach. They also engaged in behind-enemy-lines sabotage and activities aimed at persuading Japanese troops to surrender.
During the war, the CCP cooperated with the Nationalist government, integrating their forces into the National Army as the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army. They adopted the National Army's flags, organization, and uniforms.
- #21China's Industrial Strength
Keys: China's Industrial Strength
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During the Sino-Japanese War, the Republic of China's industrial strength was extremely backward and scarce. This severely impacted the quantity, quality, and types of weapons that could be provided to frontline soldiers, leading to a heavy reliance on military support from Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.
Due to the Qing Empire's industrial backwardness, coupled with the Republic of China's internal warlord conflicts prior to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, and the fact that China's main industrial areas were located within Japanese-occupied territories, there were significant issues in producing and supplying weapons to soldiers.
China relied on military supplies from other allied nations, including weapons, ammunition, and vehicles. Most of these supplies were transported from Burma to the Republic of China, with a smaller portion delivered via air transport.
- #22Legal Tender Note
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The Republic of China's Legal Tender Note (commonly abbreviated as Fabi) was the currency used from 1935 to 1948. The Nationalist Government, in order to procure materials from the civilian population, printed large amounts of Fabi. Additionally, Japan introduced a large amount of counterfeit currency to disrupt China's economy, leading to continuous inflation.
- #23Wang Jingwei regime
Keys: The Wang Jingwei regime
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The Wang Jingwei regime, formally known as the Republic of China, was referred to by Chiang Kai-shek's China as the Wang puppet regime. Established by Japan in Nanjing in 1940, it was intended to replace Chongqing's Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek as a puppet regime.
The Wang Jingwei regime did not receive international recognition; the only countries to recognize this regime were the Japanese Empire and the puppet state of Manchukuo established by the Japanese. Wang Jingwei, the leader of the regime, had a good reputation before Japan invaded China and was acquainted with Chiang Kai-shek. However, his reputation plummeted in China thereafter.
The Wang Jingwei regime used a national flag and emblem almost identical to those of Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government, presenting itself as the legitimate government of China and actively cooperating with Japan. The only difference on Wang Jingwei's flag was the addition of a yellow triangular flag above, inscribed in Chinese with "Peace, Independence, Build the Nation." The emblem also featured an additional red ring around the outside.
The military of the Wang Jingwei regime was known as the Nanjing Army, also referred to as the Peace Building Army. They primarily used equipment abandoned by the National Revolutionary Army and Japanese-provided equipment, making them closely resemble Chiang Kai-shek's forces. The main adversary of the Nanjing Army was the National Revolutionary Army.
If the story is set in a year other than 1940, the Wang Jingwei regime and its military would not appear.
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