->~Redwood Forest~<-

Giant redwood forest, trees often touch or go past the clouds, large mountain ranges full of animals.

Mountains: The mountains in the redwood region, particularly the Santa Cruz Mountains, are characterized by towering coastal redwood forests, spanning from skyline ridges to the sea, and offering diverse habitats like grasslands, rivers, and sandhills.

Redwood trees: Redwood trees are very large, with a conical trunk and a rounded peak. Mature redwoods have a branchless trunk for the first third to half of their length. The bark is thick, cracked, and has a beautiful red-orange color with a soft, fibrous texture.

Birds in the redwoods: red-tailed hawk, white-tailed kite, acorn woodpecker, california quail, western scrub jay, western bluebird, black-throated gray warbler, merlin, bald eagles, osprey, peregrine falcons, belted kingfisher, American dipper, yellow warbler, spotted sandpiper, common merganser, Vaux's swifts, and common ravens.

Mammals: Virginia opossum, Marsh shrew, Pacific shrew, Trowbridge shrew, Vagrant shrew, American shrew-mole, Broad-handed mole, Coast mole, Townsend’s mole, Big brown bat, Western red bat, California myotis, Fringed myotis, Little brown myotis, Long-eared myotis, Long-legged myotis, Yuma myotis, Hoary bat, Silver-haired bat, Townsend’s big-eared bat, Pallid bat, Mexican free-tailed bat, Brush rabbit, Mountain beaver, Chipmunk, California ground squirrel, Douglas squirrel, Northern flying squirrel, Western gray squirrel, Botta’s pocket gopher, Bushy-tailed woodrat, Deer mouse, Pacific jumping mouse, California vole, Sonoma tree vole, Red tree vole, Western red-backed vole, Muskrat, American beaver, Porcupine, Coyote, Gray fox, Black bear, Ringtail, Raccoon, Short-tailed weasel, Long-tailed weasel, Mink, Fisher, Marten, Striped skunk, Spotted skunk, River otter, Black-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, Bobcat, Mountain lion or cougar.

Tide pool creatures: California mussel, Purple or ochre sea star, Aggregating anemone, Limpets, Flat porcelain crab, Black turban snail, Periwinkle snail, Hermit crabs, White sea cucumber, Isopods, Black leather chiton, Purple shore crab.

Aquatic creatures/Fish: Green Sturgeon, White Sturgeon, Jacksmelt, LancetFish, Plainfin Midshipman, American Shad, Pacific Herring, Pacific Sardine, Northern Anchovy, Sacramento Sucker, Klamath Smallscale Sucker, Goldfish, Peamouth, Golden Shiner, Fathead Minnow, Speckled Dace, Pacific Tomcod, Threespine Stickleback, Bay Pipefish, Basking Shark, Shortfin Mako Shark, Salmon Shark, Great White Shark, Bat Ray, Pond Smelt, Eulachon, Japanese Smelt, Surf Smelt, Night Smelt, Longfin Smelt, whitebait Smelt, Green Sunfish, Bluegill, Largemouth Bass, White Crappie, Black Crappie, Redtail Surfperch, Shiner Surfperch, Walleye Surfperch, Rubberlip Seaperch, Pile Perch, Spotfin Surfperch, Northern Clingfish, Tidewater Goby, Yellow Perch, Penpoint Gunnel, Rockweed Gunnel, Saddleback Gunnel, Red Gunnel, White Croaker, Black Prickleback, Rock Prickleback, Monkeyface Prickleback, Pacific Pompano, River Lamprey, Western Brook Lamprey, Pacific Lamprey, Speckled Sanddab, Pacific Sanddab, English Sole, Starry Flounder, Sand Sole, Butter Sole, Dover Sole, Curlfin Sole, Big Skate Raja, Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Pin Salmon, Chum Salmon, Coho Salmon, Steelhead, Sockeye Salmon, Chinook Salmon, Brown Trout, Eastern Brook Trout, Warty Poacher, Pricklebreast Poacher, Coralline Sculpin, Padded Sculpin, Scalyhead Sculpin, Smoothhead Sculpin, Bonehead Sculpin, Rosylip Sculpin, Sharpnose Sculpin, Mosshead Sculpin, Coastrange Sculpin, Prickly Sculpin, Riffle Sculpin, Buffalo Sculpin, Red Irish Lord, Brown Irish Lord, Staghorn Sculpin, Tidepool Sculpin, Fluffy Sculpin, Cabezon, Kelp Greenling, Lingcod, Painted Greenling, Tidepool Snailfish, Showy Snailfish, Grunt Sculpin, Copper Rockfish, Black Rockfish, Vermilion Rockfish, China Rockfish, Canary Rockfish, Yelloweye Rockfish, Yellowtail Rockfish, Quillback Rockfish, Blue Rockfish, Brown Bullhead, Black Bullhead, Yellow Bullhead, Spiny Dogfish, Ocean Sunfish.

Marine mammals: Killer Whale, Grey Whale, River Otter, Harbor Seal, California Sea Lion, Stellar Sea Lion, Northern Elephant Seal, Humpback Whale, Harbor Porpoise.

Seasons:

Spring: Spring in the Redwood National and State Parks (March to May) brings fresh greenery, wildflowers, and rising temperatures, with the early spring months of March and April coinciding with the gray whale migration. Weather: Temperatures start to rise, averaging between 45 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Rainfall is less frequent compared to winter, but the weather remains somewhat unpredictable, with occasional rain showers.

Summer: During the summer months (June-August), Redwood National and State Parks offer comfortable daytime temperatures, typically between 60 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit, with rare rain and plenty of sunshine. Climate: The Redwood Coast has a mild, year-round climate, with coastal daytime temperatures ranging from the 50s in winter to the 60s in summer. Fog: Summer days can be foggy, but a short drive inland will find sunshine and typical California heat. Rain: The Humboldt Bay area averages 38 inches of rain, mostly falling from November through March.

Fall: During fall in the Redwood National and State Parks, you can expect mild, dry, and sunny days with less fog than summer, making it a great time to visit for hiking and enjoying the scenery, with temperatures typically ranging from the low 50s to the low 60s. Temperatures: Mild daytime temperatures, typically between 50 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Fog: The fog that is common in summer starts to lessen, allowing for clear, crisp days and starry nights. Rain: While rain is possible, it's usually brief and mostly at night, so it's unusual to get rained on during a hike until about mid-November. Fire Danger: The first major rainfall usually ends the danger of fire by mid-October. Fall is also breeding season.

Winter: Winter in Redwood National Park offers a unique experience with mild temperatures, heavy rainfall, and fewer crowds, making it a great time to explore the park's lush forests and coast. Here's a more detailed look at what to expect during the winter months: Climate & Weather: Mild Temperatures: While it's winter, the coastal climate keeps temperatures relatively mild, with highs in the 50s and lows in the 40s. Rainy Season: Winter is the wettest time of year in the park, with a high chance of rain. Fog and Mist: Fog and mist are common, adding to the scenic beauty of the redwoods. Snow:While snow is not a common occurrence, it can sometimes fall at higher elevations.

Flowers in the redwoods: Milkmaids blooming, white flowers. Milkmaids (Cardamine californica) Bloom period: January - May Habitat: Found in moist wooded areas; one of the first spring wildflowers. Description: 4-petaled flowers can be white to pink and grow on stalks 4-15 inches tall. Leaves have a rounded outline and resemble a duck's foot. California poppy, yellow flower. California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica) Bloom period: February - September Habitat: Widespread and common in grassy areas up to 7,000 feet in elevation. Description: This flower, so abundant it was designated the state flower, can grow as a spreading shrub or tall stalk, reaching 2 feet in height with yellow or orange flowers. redwood sorrel Redwood Sorrel (Oxalis oregana) Bloom period: February - September Habitat: Widespread on the dark, moist forest floor. Description: Often mistaken for clover, this small (1 - 3 inch tall) herb is very shade tolerant and thrives well beneath the redwood canopy. Buttercup, yellow flower. Buttercup (Ranunculus californicus) Bloom period: February - May Habitat: Common on grassy, moist slopes. Description: Silky yellow petals grow on a thin, flexible stem with linear leaves around the base. cow parsnip Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum) Bloom period: February - September Habitat: Very common in moist coastal areas and grassy slopes. Description: Stalks grow 4 - 5 feet and heads of clustered white flowers can reach 10 inches across. giant trillium Giant Trillium (Trillium chloropetalum) Bloom period: February - May Habitat: Uncommon on moist wooded slopes. Description: 3 dark, upright petals sit upon 3 mottled round leaves. Not to be confused with the western trillium, which blooms later and has plain leaves. redwood violet Redwood Violet (Viola sempervirens) Bloom period: February - June Habitat: Abundant in moist creek valleys and in wooded and forested areas. Description: Small, yellow, 5-petaled flowers on round to heart-shaped leaves. mission bells Mission Bells (Fritillaria affinis) Bloom period: February - June Habitat: Common in wooded and open grassy areas below 5,000 feet in elevation. Description: Purple and yellow 6-petaled flower sits on a 1 - 3 foot tall stem with narrow, linear leaves. forget-me-not Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis sylvatica) Bloom period: February - August Habitat: Common in moist, shady areas Description: Tiny, blue 5-petaled flowers grow on stems 0.5 - 2 feet tall. Henderson's shooting stars bob mize Henderson's Shooting Star (Dodecatheon hendersonii) Bloom period: February - May Habitat: Found on open slopes and in damp wooded areas Description: Distinctive fuschia or pink flowers grow on tall, slender stems above a rounded basal leaves. Blue-eyed grass Blue-Eyed Grass (Sisyrichium bellum) Bloom period: February - May Habitat: Common in meadows Description: An upright, blue to purple, 6-petaled flower sits on a short stalk with grass-like leaves. wild buckwheat Wild Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) Bloom period: February - June Habitat: Found in open meadows Description: A tight cluster of white, pink, or brown flowers sits on a woody stalk above spreading stems with small, needlelike leaves. baby blue eyes Nine Spot, or Salt and Pepper (Nemophila menziesii var. atomaria) Bloom period: March - May Habitat: Abundant in open, moist fields and prairies Description: Small, white-and-black spotted, 5-petaled flowers grow close to the ground on short, succulent stems. skunk cabbage bob mize Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton americanum) Bloom period: March - June Habitat: Found in marshes and bogs. Description: Large (1 - 3 foot) leaves surround a fleshy stem with clustered yellow flowers. An onion-like odor is given off when the leaves are bruised. fat solomon's seal Fat Solomon's Seal (Smilacina racemosa var. amplexicaulis) Bloom period: March - May Habitat: Very common in shady conifer forests Description: Fluffy clusters of tiny white flowers grow at the end of a single stem with large, equally sized, pointed oval leaves. Clusters of small red berries form in the fall. coltsfoot Coltsfoot (Petasites palmatus) Bloom period: March - July Habitat: Very widespread along streams in wooded coastal areas Description: Large clusters of pink or white composite flowers grow on stalks above unmistakable, deeply lobed leaves up to a foot across. western dog violet Western Dog Violet (Viola adunca) Bloom period: March - August Habitat: Very common in moist, wooded areas with adequate sunlight Description: Dark purple, 5-petaled flowers grow on short stems with round leaves at the base. western trillium bob mize Western Trillium (Trillium ovatum) Bloom period: March - June Habitat: Rare in moist, dark forested areas Description: White, pink, or purple 3-petaled flowers sit on a long stem, atop 3 pointed oval leaves. Not to be confused with the giant trillium, which has upright petals. blue blossom Blue Blossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus) Bloom period: March - June Habitat: Abundant in open or forested coastal areas Description: Small, densely-packed blue or whitish flowers sit on the ends of branches, which form a large prostrate or erect shrub. siberian candyflower Siberian Candyflower (Montia sibirica) Bloom period: March - September Habitat: Common in moist, shady wooded or forested areas Description: Small, pink or white, 5-petaled flowers sit on a stem 0.5 - 2 feet tall, with broad, opposite-paired leaves. pacific starflower Pacific Starflower (Trientalis latifolia) Bloom period: March - July Habitat: Abundant in moist, shady wooded areas Description: Tiny, pink or white, 5- or 7-petaled star-shaped flower sits on short stalk above a flat cluster of pointed oval leaves. Grows 2 - 8 inches tall. calypso orchid bob mize Calypso Orchid (Calypso bulbosa) Bloom period: March - July Habitat: Rare in dark, moist conifer forests Description: Single, mottled pink flower sits on long stem with one rounded leaf at the bottom. Grows 3 - 10 inches tall. salmonberry Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) Bloom period: March - June Habitat: Widespread in sunny coastal areas and in woods Description: Bright pink, 5-petaled flower grows on spreading, thorny branches and matures into an edible, pale orange berry in the summer. lupine Lupine (Lupinus ssp.) Bloom period: March - August Habitat: Widespread in open grassy areas and along the coast Description: Several species of this tall, striking plant grow in the parks. A member of the pea family, its many flowers range in color from white to dark purple and are arranged at the tops of stems. wild pea Wild Pea (Vicia ssp.) Bloom period: March - July Habitat: Common in open disturbed areas Description: A member of the pea family, this large plant has numerous white or pink flowers on long stems. Several species of pea are found in the parks. Smith's fairy bells Bob Mize Smith's Fairy Bells (Disporum smithii) Bloom period: March - May Habitat: Common in shady wooded or forested areas away from the coast Description: Showy, white, funnel-shaped flowers hang at the end of a flexible stem with large, pointed oval leaves. Orange berries form in the fall. red elderberry Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) Bloom period: March - June Habitat: Common in forest openings and along streams Description: Tight clusters of tiny white flowers bloom after the first green shoots appear on this tall shrub, which can grow up to 25 feet tall. red flowering currant Red-Flowering Currant (Ribes sanguineum) Bloom period: March - April Habitat: Common in shady woods and along streams Description: Tight clusters of bright pink or red flowers hang on the ends of woody stalks with toothed leaves. Can grow up to 12 feet tall. checkerbloom Farewell to Spring (Clarkia amoena) Bloom period: June Habitat: Uncommon on open slopes and bluffs on or near the coast. Description: Showy pink, 4-petaled, shallow flowers with dark purple spots and "X" shaped stigma extending beyond anthers. Sprawling stems can grow to 3 feet. common monkeyflower Common Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) Bloom period: March - May Habitat: Widespread along stream banks and in moist, shady areas Description: Yellow, 5-petaled, tubular flowers grow on stalks 2 - 24 inches tall. The flowers have purple or brown spots on the lower petals. stonecrop Stonecrop (Dudleya farinosa) Bloom period: March - August Habitat: Common in rock crevices of coastal bluffs and cliffs Description: A flat-topped yellow flower cluster grows on a thick stalk 12 inches above a basal rosette of triangular, succulent leaves. oregon grape Oregon Grape (Berberis nervosa) Bloom period: March - May Habitat: Very common in open coastal areas and wooded slopes Description: This spreading shrub looks like holly at first glance, but a closer look reveals the tell-tale clusters of small yellow flowers, which ripen to blue berries during the fall. western bleeding heart Western Bleeding Heart (Dicentra formosa) Bloom period: March - July Habitat: Found in damp, shady areas Description: Small, pink, heart-shaped bulbous flowers hang from soft stems with fernlike leaves. Can grow 8 - 18 inches tall. Douglas' Iris Douglas' Iris (Iris douglasiana) Bloom period: March - May Habitat: Found widely in open grassy areas and brush Description: Large, 3 - 4 inch flowers can be white to deep purple and grow on tall (up to 3 foot) stems with linear basal leaves. stream violet Stream Violet (Viola glabella) Bloom period: March - July Habitat: Commonly found in moist areas and along streams Description: Very similar to the redwood violet, except with larger, more abundant toothed heart-shaped leaves.

Insects: Redwood Bark Beetle (Phloeosinus sequoiae): This bark beetle, along with other bark beetles, can cause damage to redwood trees, particularly when trees are stressed. Redwood Scale: These armored scales can feed on redwood trees, potentially weakening them. Flatheaded Twig Borer (Anthaxia aeneogaster): These insects are known to bore into redwood twigs, but their damage is generally not considered significant. Sequoia Pitch Moth (Vespamima sequoiae): This moth can also be found on redwoods, but its impact is typically minor. Cypress Tip Miner Spruce Spider Mite Black Araucaria Scale Cedar and Cypress Bark Beetle

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