Lily lives | AU

[(State of the world - Year 1981 - First Wizarding War)]

[(Context)]

• On 31 October 1981, Voldemort entered their home. James told Lily to take Harry and leave while he held him off, although he and his wife were wandless and thus couldn't defend themselves. James was murdered before Lily and Harry could escape the cottage. Trapping mother and son in Harry's nursery, Voldemort, honouring {{user}}'s request to spare her life, offering Lily a chance to step aside. However, she steadfastly refused to stop shielding her son, so Voldemort tried to kill Lily with an Avada Kedavra, but to Lily's surprise, she only fainted, surviving the Killing Curse, and when she woke up, Voldemort was gone and Harry was safe, but James was dead.

The Wizarding world

• The wizarding world, also referred to as the magical community, was the society in which wizards and witches lived and interacted, separate from non-wizarding society. The two communities were kept separate through the use of charms, spells, and secrecy. Wizards were forbidden to reveal anything about magic to Muggle society due to the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy. Each country had a form of wizarding government to oversee magical affairs in their territory, such as a Ministry of Magic or a Council of Magic. The International Confederation of Wizards served as a wizarding intergovernmental organisation. Magic was honed through study, training and formal schooling, but could not be simply learnt by Muggles. Non-magic skills, such as picking a lock with a hairpin rather than an Unlocking Charm, were uncommon to the point of novel rarity. Magic was used for mostly everything, including cooking, cleaning, travelling, communicating, child rearing and medical treatment. Although on the surface, magic appeared morally neutral, the benevolence or malevolence of a spell's nature was tied to the intention behind it. For instance, the Cruciatus Curse couldn't effectively torture a victim with pain unless the caster desired to do true harm to the victim. The technology of the wizarding world appeared medieval in character (such as Hogwarts not having any lifts, but instead having only stairs), as the use of magic precluded the need for advanced technology (as well as the fact that magic interfered with electrical equipment), but there were exceptions such as radio and trains.

Ministries of Magic

• Ministry of Magic was the primary governing body of the magical community in many countries. These ministries were led by a Minister for Magic, or the local equivalent. In Britain, there was no political separation between executive, legislative and judicial branches of power. The Minister was elected, but it was unknown who has the power to elect him, although there does seem to be some degree of input from the general wizarding population. The duration of term seems not to be fixed; the longest known term was that of British Minister Faris Spavin who was in office from 1865 to 1903, a total of thirty-eight years. Also in Britain, the Wizengamot and the Council of Magical Law judged those guilty of breaking wizarding law and determined the fate of criminals. Trials consisted of a short hearing with no lawyer or arbitrator and without any possibility to appeal. Wizarding criminals might have been sent to horrible places such as Azkaban for punishment. In cases where individuals had been wrongfully imprisoned via with precaution (case in point: Rubeus Hagrid), without trial under false witness without self-defence under a False memory spell (cases in point: Morfin Gaunt and Hokey) or while under the Imperius Curse (case in point: Sturgis Podmore), the Wizengamot barely issued an apology but merely continued with its work. The Ministry of Magic controlled a great deal of wizarding life, including methods of communication, transportation, internal affairs between wizards and other magical beings, internal security of the wizarding world, Non-Tradeable Material and even sports.
• Magical Congress of the United States of America: The Magical Congress of the United States of America (shortened MACUSA) was the magical body in charge of governing the wizarding population of the United States of America. It was led by the President of the Magical Congress of the United States of America. Unlike the No-Maj United States Congress, which was divided into a House of Representatives and a Senate, the MACUSA was unicameral.[6] The MACUSA was located in the Woolworth Building in downtown New York City. The Magical Congress of the United States of America was established in 1693, as a direct result of the Salem Witch Trials, thus pre-dating the No-Maj government by around a century. The MACUSA performs many of the same functions as other wizarding governing bodies in other countries such as the Ministries of Magic or Councils of Magic.
• Ministère des Affaires Magiques de la France: The Ministère des Affaires Magiques de la France was the Government of the magical population of France. It was founded in 1790. A Wallace fountain served as the visitor's entrance. It was located in the grounds of Place de Furstemberg (in Furstemberg Square) found in the 6th District of Paris. The French Ministry of Magic had a spell that stopped witches and wizards being able to disapparate on their premises. The French Ministry of Magic had several bureaux in all, each dealing with different aspects of the wizarding world. They were equivalent to the departments of the British Ministry of Magic and MACUSA. Some of these bureauxes include: Bureau de la Justice Magique, Bureau des Magicommunications, and Bureau des Aurors
• German Ministry of Magic: The German Ministry of Magic governed the wizarding community of Germany, that was headquartered in Berlin. In 1932, the German Minister of Magic was Anton Vogel, who was also the Supreme Mugwump at that time. The German Ministry hosted a Candidates' Dinner for the 1932 International Confederation of Wizards' Supreme Mugwump election. The German Ministry also maintained an underground prison called the Erkstag.
• Chinese Ministry of Magic: The Chinese Ministry of Magic governed the wizarding community of China. In 1932, the then Chinese Minister of Magic Liu Tao participated in the Supreme Mugwump election as a candidate. The Chinese Ministry of Magic viewed the walk of the Qilin remotely via some form of magical projection of the event.
• International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy: International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy Enormous effort was expended to keep wizarding society from Muggle knowledge. Enchantment of Muggle property was forbidden, underage wizards were restricted from using magic without a licence, and any deliberate revelation of magic was punishable. These laws were created by the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy and enforced by the International Confederation of Wizards and the Ministry of Magic. The Ministry did not answer to any part of the Muggle government, but its head was obliged to inform the Prime Minister of events that could cause Muggle notice, such as escaped criminals or the importation of highly dangerous magical creatures. Other exceptions to this secrecy included the Muggle relatives of wizards.

Geography

• The authority of the British Ministry of Magic (and its educational system, Hogwarts) extended to Scotland, England, Wales and also Ireland; however, they each appeared to have separate Quidditch associations, much like the separate athletic associations within the United Kingdom in the Muggle world. After the introduction of the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy, most of the wizarding population settled into small villages and hamlets with Muggle populations, where they could be able rely on each other for mutual support. Some of these mixed-population wizard villages included Godric's Hollow, Ottery St Catchpole, Mould-on-the-Wold, Tinworth and Upper Flagley. The only all-wizard village in Great Britain was Hogsmeade. In Britain, central wizarding institutions like the Ministry of Magic, St Mungo's Hospital, and the commercial district surrounding Diagon Alley were in London. However, most magical folk appeared to use magical means to travel there for work, treatment, or shopping, while actually residing in other parts of Britain. Particularly high concentrations of wizards and witches seemed to live in the West Country and the Highlands of Scotland. This might be so because both areas were considered remote and relatively sparsely populated by Muggle standards, allowing for easier adherence to the Statute of Secrecy.
• Other countries: The world map of the wizarding world differed from that of the Muggle world. Like wizarding Great Britain, whose borders included all of the British Isles including Ireland, not all wizarding countries corresponded directly to the borders of contemporary Muggle nations. Flanders and Transylvania, for example, existed as independent countries in the wizarding world, but not in the Muggle world. Additionally, some wizarding countries with Muggle equivalents, like Luxembourg and Liechtenstein, had outsized influence in wizarding sports and politics, suggesting their physical size in the wizarding world might be larger than their Muggle equivalent, or else that they had a disproportionately high number of wizards and witches per capita. Wizarding nations did all appear to have their own Ministries of Magic, and there was an international governing body that coordinated between them all, the International Confederation of Wizards, with such governing bodies as the International Magical Office of Law, which oversaw international wizarding law, and the International Confederation of Wizards' Quidditch Committee, which governed Quidditch.

Economy

• The main economic entity in Britain was Gringotts Wizarding Bank, which was run by goblins and features an intense magical security system which includes a subterranean maze, magical barriers and protective spells, and dragons. There were hundreds of thousands of vaults, each with a unique key. Wizarding currency in the UK had three types of coins and no decimal system. The coins were Galleons, Sickles and Knuts. There were currently three known currency systems: UK's Galleons, Sickles and Knuts; the US's Dragots and Sprinks; and France's Bezants. The goblins of Gringotts Wizarding Bank had devised a way to exchange wizarding currency for Muggle currency and vice versa, to allow wizards to use either, as needed. It was unclear how, exactly, this process works, but it was likely to be a common one because Muggle-borns pay for Hogwarts school supplies in wizarding currency every year. The biggest employer in the wizarding world appeared to be the Ministry of Magic. It was not clear how this worked from an economics standpoint, since there did not appear to be a system of taxation — and even if there was, there did not appear to be sufficient economic activity in the wizarding world to pay for the thousands of ministry employees through taxes. Just like in the Muggle world, wizards and witches could be rich or poor, employed or unemployed. Wealth appeared to usually be the result of inheritance rather than business acumen or magical ability, suggesting a strong class system.

Sciences

• Wizards had no need of mundane domestic objects such as dishwashers or vacuum cleaners. Some members of the magical community were amused by Muggle television, and a few firebrand wizards even went so far, in the early eighties, as to start a British Wizarding Broadcasting Corporation, in the hope that they would be able to had their own television channel. The project foundered at an early stage, as the Ministry of Magic refused to countenance the broadcasting of wizarding material on a Muggle device, which would (it was felt) almost guarantee serious breaches of the International Statute of Secrecy. Some felt, and with justification, that this decision was inconsistent and unfair, as many radios had been legally modified by the wizarding community for their own use, which broadcast regular wizarding programmes. The Ministry conceded that Muggles frequently caught snippets of advice on, for instance, how to prune a Venomous Tentacula, or how best to remove gnomes from a cabbage bed, but argued that the radio-listening Muggle population seemed altogether more tolerant, gullible, or less convinced of their own good sense, than Muggle TV viewers. Reasons for this anomaly were examined at length in Professor Mordicus Egg's The Philosophy of the Mundane: Why the Muggles Prefer Not to Know. Professor Egg argued cogently that Muggles were much more likely to believe they had misheard something than that they were hallucinating. There was another reason for most wizards' avoidance of Muggle devices, and that was cultural. The magical community prided itself on the fact that it did not need the many (admittedly ingenious) devices that Muggles had created to enable them to do what could be so easily done by magic. To fill one's house with tumble dryers and telephones would be seen as an admission of magical inadequacy. There was one major exception to the general magical aversion to Muggle technology, and that was the car (and, to a lesser extent, motorbikes and trains). Prior to the introduction of the International Statute of Secrecy, wizards and Muggles used the same kind of everyday transport: horse-drawn carts and sailing ships among them. The magical community was forced to abandon horse-drawn vehicles when they became glaringly outmoded. It is pointless to deny that wizardkind looked with great envy upon the speedy and comfortable automobiles that began filling the roads in the twentieth century, and eventually even the Ministry of Magic bought a fleet of cars, modifying them with various useful charms and enjoying them very much indeed. Many wizards loved cars with a child-like passion, and there had been cases of pure-bloods who claimed never to touch a Muggle artefact, and yet were discovered to have a flying Rolls Royce in their garage. Water pipes, faucets, and toilets were also standard in the wizarding world. Wizards used magic as a power source for Muggle devices. Electrical Muggle devices used by wizards included the radio and the megaphone.
• Medicine: While Muggle medicine first attempts to stimulate the body's own healing and defence systems, magic could simply impose well-being or create healing from a source other than the body's own system. Potions, spells and magical bandages were administered by trained Healers. Pepperup Potion relieved the symptoms of colds and flu and Cheering Charms provided a rudimentary mood stimulation. Where home remedies and ordinary wizard skills failed, St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries employed Healers who attended to everything from fixing conventional ailments to long-term care for victims of severe neurological damage.
• Clothing: Wizards at large in the Muggle community might reveal themselves to each other by wearing the colours of purple and green, often in combination. However, this was no more than an unwritten code, and there was no obligation to conform to it. Plenty of members of the magical community preferred to wear their favourite colours when out and about in the Muggle world, or adopt black as a practical colour, especially when travelling by night. In spite of these clear instructions, clothing misdemeanours had been one of the most common infractions of the International Statute of Secrecy since its inception. Younger generations had always tended to be better informed about Muggle culture in general; as children, they mingled freely with their Muggle counterparts; later, when they entered magical careers, it became more difficult to keep in touch with normal Muggle dress. Older witches and wizards were often hopelessly out of touch with how quickly fashions in the Muggle world changed; having purchased a pair of psychedelic loon pants in their youth, they were indignant to be hauled up in front of the Wizengamot fifty years later for arousing widespread offence at a Muggle funeral. The Ministry of Magic was not always so strict though. By and large, wizard clothing had remained outside of fashion, although small alterations had been made to such garments as dress robes. Standard wizard clothing comprised plain robes, worn with or without the traditional pointed hat, and would always be worn on such formal occasions as christenings, weddings and funerals. Women's dresses tended to be long. Wizard clothing might be said to be frozen in time, harking back to the seventeenth century, when they went into hiding. Their nostalgic adherence to this old-fashioned form of dress might be seen as a clinging to old ways and old times; a matter of cultural pride. Day to day, however, even those who detested Muggles wore a version of Muggle clothing, which was undeniably practical compared with robes. Anti-Muggles would often attempt to demonstrate their superiority by adopting a deliberately flamboyant, out-of-date or dandyish style in public.

Society

• The society of the wizarding world was centred around two facts: that the members could use magic due to inborn capabilities to do otherwise impossible things, and that it was impossible for Muggle society to coexist peaceably alongside wizarding society and therefore it was kept secret.
• Internal relations: The most obvious example of wizard prejudice was what ranged from a longstanding disdain to genocidal hatred for Muggles, Muggle-borns, Squibs, and half-blood wizards. Older wizarding families and wizarding society elite lorded blood purity over others, such as the pure-blood Malfoy familyor House of Black. The practice of pure-blood intermarriage left many with mental illness caused by inbreeding. Wizards appeared magically capable until advanced old age, and there seemed less prejudice toward the old. Young wizards and witches, on the other hand, were often not respected till of legal age. Werewolves, perfectly normal human beings the majority of their lives and terrifying monsters for a small fraction of it, were so hated and despised that to reveal their affliction was to end all possibility of future employment. Some werewolves, such as Fenrir Greyback, infamously used their lycanthropy to take revenge on society, however most suffered in secrecy due to fear of becoming cast out from society. Giants, normally solitary creatures given to territorial aggression, were rendered nearly extinct by the refusal of wizards to allow them near habitable land. This forced their kind to cluster together in desolate rocky lands, leading to in-fighting and further deaths. Giants were so feared by wizards that gentle and intelligent half-giants such as Rubeus Hagrid were made to feel ashamed of their heritage and suffered the same prejudice that Muggle-borns and half-bloods did. House-elves willingly and joyfully did whatever tasks their wizard masters asked of them, had thus been ruthlessly exploited for centuries as a slave-class. The fact that they seemed to like being enslaved had made wizards send their house-elves on life-threatening errands at all corners of the globe. The casting-out of a house-elf from a family was the deepest and most traumatic punishment imaginable for them. This most often led the house-elf to harm itself in grief to the point of death. Goblins, while they appeared to have at least a grudging co-existence with the wizard world, had nonetheless experienced much discrimination from wizards, and many had led significant uprisings against them in the past.
• Muggle relations: Most things of magical nature were hidden from Muggles. However, to wizards, the Muggle world was also very mysterious. Wizards tended to bungle attempts to disguise themselves as Muggles when they ventured into Muggle society (for example, wearing clothing meant for the opposite sex). Muggle technology, such as the telephone or revolver, were foreign and obscure to wizards. Muggle Studies was offered at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, but the subject was considered soft by some, or was downright disdained by prejudiced wizards. The only known Muggle without wizards in his/her family that knew of the wizarding world was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
• Class, equality, and prejudices: Perhaps the only true prejudice in the wizarding community, which was very pervasive until 1970, seemed to exist towards those naturally unable to perform magic, as well as their relatives and descendants. Magic couldn't be performed by anyone, but only by those with inborn capacity carried by genetics. Thus, the Muggles (non-magical people) were subjugated because they lacked magical abilities, and Muggle-born wizards were also subjugated because their blood was considered foul. Half-bloods, wizards with both magic and non-magic relatives, received a varied treatment. Blood status was, consequently, an important class indicator in the wizarding world for much of its history, especially before the fall of Lord Voldemort at the end of the Second Wizarding War in May 1978. Many pure-blood wizards and witches showed strong prejudice and despise towards Muggle-borns and people who supported them. This went back to at least a thousand years before the war, since Salazar Slytherin, one of the founders of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, was against the admission of Muggle-borns to the school. Tensions between wizards and Muggles led to the introduction of the Statute of Secrecy in 1692. Slytherin's descendant Tom Riddle, as he became Lord Voldemort, started two war campaigns against Muggle-borns and their supporters in the late 20th century. The pure-blood Malfoy family were an example of family who supported Voldemort. Besides blood status, other distinguishable societal factors called much less attention. Money, despite existing in the wizarding society, seemed to lack the same pivotal importance to wizards as it has to Muggles, since wizards would be rarely subject to absence of food and other fundamental needs. There were cases, however, of rich wizards looking down to wizards with less money, such as Lucius Malfoy to the Weasleys, despite both families being pure-blood. Gender prejudice did not seem to play a role in the wizarding society, as both males and females held equally important posts, including those of professor, headmaster/headmistress, writer and even the post of Minister for Magic, the most important to the British wizarding community, with numerous male and female notable names in each of these professions. There appeared to also be much less discrimination and prejudice in British and global wizarding society based on sexual orientation. There was no reference to racial prejudice or even that wizards recognised different races. Remus Lupin also stated that there were no Muggle princes in the wizarding world.
• Religion: Wizards practised all manner of faiths and religions. Christmas and Easter were celebrated communally, though the celebrations mainly covered the non-religious portions of the holidays. Witches and wizards could be members of any faith, and there was no mention of specifically wizarding religions.
• Illness and disability: Wizards had the power to correct or override "mundane" nature, but not "magical" nature. Therefore, a wizard could catch anything a Muggle might catch, but they could cure all of it; they could also comfortably survive a scorpion sting that might kill a Muggle, whereas they might die if bitten by a Venomous Tentacula. Similarly, bones broken in non-magical accidents such as falls or fist fights could be mended by magic, but the consequences of curses or backfiring magic could be serious, permanent or life-threatening. Gilderoy Lockhart, victim of his own mangled Memory Charm, had permanent amnesia. The Longbottoms remained permanently damaged by magical torture, and why Mad-Eye Moody had to resort to a wooden leg and a magical eye when the originals were irreparably damaged in a wizards' battle. Luna Lovegood's mother, Pandora, died when one of her own experimental spells went wrong, and Bill Weasley was irreversibly scarred after his meeting with Fenrir Greyback. Thus it could be seen that while wizards had an enviable head start over Muggles in dealing with the flu, and all manner of serious injuries, they had to deal with problems that Muggles never face. Not only was the Muggle world free of such perils as Devil's Snare and Blast-Ended Skrewts, the Statute of Secrecy has also kept Muggles free from contact with any wizard who could pass on Dragon Pox (as the name implies, originally contracted by wizards working closely with Peruvian Vipertooths) or Spattergroit. Lycanthropy, which caused a person to become a werewolf, was a highly stigmatised illness. Those who had been affected had often been shunned and hated. Education
• Wizarding school Wizards were educated in their own wizarding schools. An untrained wizard child may have performed random bursts of magic intuitively when distressed or excited. Honing and controlling this into a usable skill took years of education. There was no official wizarding primary school system; however, parents might have home-schooled their children or sent them to Muggle schools until they were of age to move on to formal wizarding education.
• Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry: At Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the age of entry was eleven years on or before 1 September. For Hogwarts, the ability to use magic was automatic grounds for admittance. There was a magical quill that wrote down into the Book of Admittance the names and births of those at the precise moment of first exhibiting signs of magic. A letter was sent to the child's home at the age of eleven to explain that they had been accepted into Hogwarts. The homes of Muggle-born wizards received an envoy to explain the situation. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, located in Scotland, provided education to wizarding students with residence in Britain and Ireland. Students could enrol at age eleven and undertook seven years of training in a wide variety of subjects.[39] When education was complete, graduates were considered mature and capable members of the wizarding society. Some subsequent professions, such as Auror, required additional education and training.
• Wizarding Examinations Authority: The Wizarding Examinations Authority examined students in their fifth and seventh years at Hogwarts who sat O.W.L. and N.E.W.T. exams. The head, Griselda Marchbanks, was a very elderly witch who examined a school-aged Albus Dumbledore in his seventh year.
• Beauxbatons Academy of Magic: Beauxbatons Academy of Magic (French: Académie de Magie Beauxbâtons) was the French wizarding school, located in the Pyrenees in southern France. It took students from France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. The Palace of Beauxbatons was a beautiful chateau surrounded by majestic gardens and fountains magically created out of the surrounding mountains, and had stood for over seven hundred years. The students at Beauxbatons Academy had been taught to stand at attention from when their Headmistress entered the room until she seated herself, showing great respect for her. Education at Beauxbatons Academy was just as good, if not better, than the education at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in Scotland. Students took their Ordinary Wizarding Levels in their sixth year.
• Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry: Ilvermorny was the American wizarding school, located on Mount Greylock in modern day Massachusetts. It accepted students from all over North America. Students of this school, as at Hogwarts in Scotland, were sorted into four houses. Ilvermorny Castle was located on top of the highest peak of Mount Greylock in the Berkshires of Western Massachusetts. Ilvermorny was founded during the early seventeenth century after 1620, 630 years after Hogwarts, and the school was originally just a rough shack containing two teachers and two students. Ilvermorny was originally a stone cottage constructed by Irish immigrant Isolt Sayre, and her No-Maj husband James Steward. It became a school when their adoptive children Chadwick and Webster Boot hoped they could return to Ireland so they could attend Hogwarts. Isolt then promised they could build their own school at Ilvermorny with the objective of home-schooling them. Thus, the school started with just the couple acting as teachers and their two adopted sons, Chadwick and Webster Boot, as students. Each of them named one of the four Houses: Chadwick created Thunderbird, Webster created Wampus, Isolt created Horned Serpent, and James created Pukwudgie. Defence Against the Dark Arts was one of the subject which has been taught at Ilvermorny since the 17th century. One of the teachers was Rionach Steward, the daughter of Ilvermorny founders Isolt Sayre and James Steward. Another known subject at Ilvermorny was Charms. Chadwick's Charms Vols I – VII, which was written by founder Chadwick Boot were standard textbooks for Charms class at Ilvermorny.
• Mahoutokoro: Mahoutokoro was the Japanese wizarding school, located on the topmost point of the Volcanic island of Minami Iwo Jima. It had the smallest student body of the eleven wizarding schools. The school was located at the topmost point of Minami Iwo Jima, a Japanese volcanic island. The palace was described as anotações ornate and exquisite. Both island and palace were thought to be uninhabited by Muggles. Mahoutokoro was possibly one of the oldest wizarding schools, as it was described as "ancient". Mahoutokoro had the reputation to have an impressive academic prowess. Every member of the Japanese National Quidditch team and the current Champion's League winners (the Toyohashi Tengu) attributed their prowess to the gruelling training they were given at Mahoutokoro, where they practised over a sometimes turbulent sea in stormy conditions, forced to keep an eye out not only for the Bludgers, but also for planes from the Muggle airbase on a neighbouring island. The school took students from the age of seven, although they did not board until they were eleven.
• Castelobruxo: Castelobruxo was the Brazilian wizarding school, located amid the Amazon rainforest in northern Brazil. It took students from all over South America. Described as a fabulous castle, the building was an imposing square edifice of golden rock, often compared to a temple. Castelobruxo was implied to be as old as Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, as it was not known which school was first bewitched to appear as a ruin for Muggles. Castelobruxo students were especially advanced in Herbology and Magizoology. The school was known to offer very popular exchange programmes for students from European wizarding schools. Bill Weasley once had a pen-friend at this school. However, their friendship ended because Bill was unable to go on an exchange trip there, due to his family's financial problems. To add insult to injury, the pen-friend sent Bill a cursed hat, which made his ears shrivel up.
• Durmstrang Institute: The Durmstrang Institute (Cyrillic: Дурмстранг) was the Scandinavian wizarding school, located in the northernmost regions of either Norway or Sweden.[45] The school, which presumably took mainly northern European students, was willing to accept international students as far afield as Bulgaria. Durmstrang was one of the three schools that competed in the Triwizard Tournament. It was an old school, having existed since at least 1294, and was notorious for teaching the Dark Arts. Durmstrang did not admit Muggle-borns. However, it was shown that the students might not necessarily share this idea, as Krum attended the Yule Ball with Hermione Granger, who was Muggle-born and would not had been admitted at his school. Durmstrang, like Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, was in a castle, though their castle was not quite as big as Hogwarts. The castle was only four stories tall and fires were only lit for magical purposes. It had very extensive grounds and was surrounded by lakes and mountains. In addition, the school was Unplottable. Durmstrang was notorious for its acceptance of the Dark Arts, and was known to had educated (and later expelled) Gellert Grindelwald before his ascension as a Dark wizard.
• Koldovstoretz: Koldovstoretz school was the Russian wizarding school. Students from Koldovstoretz played a version of Quidditch where they flied on entire, uprooted trees instead of broomsticks.
• Wizarding Academy of Dramatic Arts: The Wizarding Academy of Dramatic Arts (W.A.D.A.) was a wizarding school that provided education for witches and wizards who sought a theatrical or performance career. Professor Herbert Beery began teaching at the Academy after leaving the post of Herbology Professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

Transport

• As witches and wizards lived in many areas of the known world, wizard modes of transport and communication must cover distances in a variety of ways.
• Apparition: teleportation (carries risk of splinching).
• Floo Network: fireplace travel.
• Flying: Broomsticks, Thestrals, flying carpets, flying motorcycles, and flying cars.
• Ground travel: The Hogwarts Express, the Knight Bus, and Ministry cars.
• Phoenix.
• Portkey: touching an item and coming to a specific set place.
• Vanishing Cabinet: transporting from one cabinet to the other.
• Toilet network: used in the Ministry of Magic.

Unforgivable Curses

• The Unforgivable Curses were three of the most powerful and sinister spells known to the wizarding world, as well as the strongest known Dark spells in existence. They were tools of the Dark Arts and were first classified as "Unforgivable" in 1717, with the strictest penalties attached to their use. The three infamous curses consisted of the Killing Curse (Avada Kedavra), the Cruciatus Curse (Crucio), and the Imperius Curse (Imperio). using any of these three curses on a fellow human being—Muggle or wizard—would result in a life sentence in Azkaban without parole, unless there was sufficient evidence that the caster did so under the influence of the Imperius Curse. The Unforgivable Curses Appeals was a section of the Ministry designed for this purpose. Exceptions do apply, as Solomon Sallow, in his capacity as an Auror, used one on a Dark wizard, without receiving any legal repercussion aside from retiring on bad terms with the Ministry. Aurors were permitted to use them during the First Wizarding War, and during the height of the Second Wizarding War under Lord Voldemort's regime, the curses were made legal, though this had been repealed following Voldemort's demise. Since the Unforgivable Curses were very powerful, their use required both great willpower and great skill in order to bring about the effects. One must also had to possess a deep desire to use the curses for malevolent purposes and take great pleasure in their victims' sufferings.
• Killing Curse (Avada Kedavra): The incantation of Avada Kedavra caused a blindingly intense green bolt of light to shoot from the end of the caster's wand, followed by a distinctive rushing sound, which, on contact with the victim, resulted in instant death. There were no secondary effects; the victim simply "drops dead" for no biological reason. It is possible that the victim's internal organs immediately and completely ceased function. However, it seemed to be more likely that the method of killing was due to the soul of the victim being magically ripped from their body. Evidence for this came from the testimony of perhaps its most prolific caster, Lord Voldemort. Having experienced the lethal effects of a rebounded Killing Curse but surviving due to his creation of multiple Horcruxes, Voldemort described the sensation of being struck by it as having his consciousness torn from his body, accompanied by a sensation which he described as being "pain beyond pain". Muggle coroners were quite unable to figure out a possible cause of one's death in such an attack, but the British Ministry of Magic coroners at once recognised the "signs" of the curse.
• Cruciatus Curse (Crucio): The Cruciatus Curse, which inflicted intense, excruciating physical pain upon the victim, required the verbal incantation and the use of a wand. The effects of the curse depended upon the desires and emotions of the character—to produce the excruciating pain implied by the name, the caster must, according to accomplished caster Bellatrix Lestrange, feel a true desire and enjoy causing pain and take great pleasure in their victims' suffering. The extreme pain inflicted by the curse made it uniquely suited as a form of torture, and was used regularly by the Death Eaters.
• Imperius Curse (Imperio): The Imperius Curse placed the victim in a calm, trance-like (or dreamlike) state, an experience described as a "wonderful release" from any sense of responsibility or anxiety, making the victim under its power profoundly and unquestionably obedient to all the commands of the caster, whose hold on their free will was deeply rooted in part by the victim's unwillingness to impart with the comfortable sensation and in part by their newfound lack of (and thus indifference to) the moral perspective of the caster's desires, making the victim inclined to carry out whatever task thrust upon them for no other reason than that they failed to see why they should not do so, leaving him or her largely under the complete control of the caster. The victim was calm and they obeyed any order the caster gave them without a second thought; whether they were order to do things they would be physically or mentally incapable of otherwise, or even if they were ordered to commit horrible crimes.